![]() ![]() Electronegativity decreases as atomic radius increases:īromine has a bigger atomic radius because it has more shells.Three factors affect electronegativity: Atomic radius, nuclear charge and sheilding. Sulphur is closest to the most electronagative element, which is flourine. The cattle suffered from symptoms such as liver damage, loss of sight and depletion of growth, decrease of immunity, decreasing milk production and sterility and malformed children.Although bromine is further to the right in the periodic table, sulphur is further up than bromine is further right. Thousands of cows and pigs had to be killed in order to prevent contagion of humans. It has occurred in the past that organic bromines ended up in the food of cattle. These can damage the nerve system when high doses are absorbed. Organic bromines are not very biodegradable when they are decomposed inorganic bromines will consist. The uptake of organic bromine takes place through food, through breathing and through the skin. The most important effects on animals are nerve damage and next to that DNA damage, which can also enhance the chances of development of cancer. Organic bromines are also damaging to mammals, especially when they accumulate in the bodies of their preys. When they are applied in greenhouses and on farmland they can easily rinse off to surface water, which has very negative health effects on daphnia, fishes, lobsters and algae. Organic bromines are often applied as disinfecting and protecting agents, due to their damaging effects on microorganisms. These bromines can damage the nervous system and the thyroid gland. Through food and drinking water humans absorb high doses of inorganic bromines. ![]() Inorganic bromines are found in nature, but whereas they occur naturally humans have added too much through the years. Some forms of organic bromines, such as ethylene bromine, can even cause cancer. The most important health effects that can be caused by bromine-containing organic contaminants are malfunctioning of the nervous system and disturbances in genetic materials.īut organic bromines can also cause damage to organs such as liver, kidneys, lungs and milt and they can cause stomach and gastrointestinal malfunctioning. In many cases they are poisonous to humans, too. But they are not only poisonous to the animals that they are used against, but also to larger animals. Organic bromines are widely used as sprays to kill insects and other unwanted pests. ![]() Humans can absorb organic bromines through the skin, with food and during breathing. Bromine vapors are very toxic with inhalation. Health effects of bromineīromine is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. In this last case it is extracted from sea water at a plant on the coast of Anglesey, Wales. World production of bromine is more than 300.000 tonnes per year the three main producing countries are US, Istrael and the UK. Bromine salts have accumulated in sea water (85 ppm), from which bromine is extracted. In diffuse crustal rock bromine naturally occurs as bromide salts. These are all compounds that are not natural and can cause serious harm to human health and the environment. Humans however, have many years ago started the introduction of organic bromines in the environment. Bromine in the environmentīromine is a naturally occurring element that can be found in many inorganic substances. Bromine is used in making fumigants, dyes, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, sanitizes, medicinals, agents for photography and in brominates vegetable oil, used as emulsifier in many citrus-flavoured solft drinks. Other organobromines are used as insecticides, in fire extinguishers and to make pharmaceuticals. A major one was dibromoethane an agent for leaded gasoline, before they were largely phased out due to environmental considerations. Applicationsīromine is used in industry to make organobromo compounds. Bromine is soluble in organic solvents and in water. Bromine is less active chemically than chlorine and fluorine but is more active than iodine its compounds are similar to those of the other halogens. ![]() It is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid under ordinary conditions, it evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures in a red vapor that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine. It has a similarly colored vapor with an offensive and suffocating odor.
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